![]() ![]() The living species fall into three categories. The family Rhinocerotidae consists of only four extant genera: Ceratotherium (white rhinoceros), Diceros (black rhinoceros), Dicerorhinus (Sumatran rhinoceros), and Rhinoceros (Indian and Javan rhinoceros). The name has been in use since the 14th century. The word rhinoceros is derived through Latin from the Ancient Greek: ῥῑνόκερως, which is composed of ῥῑνο- ( rhino-, "nose") and κέρας ( keras, " horn") with a horn on the nose. See also: List of perissodactyls RhinocerotidaeĬladogram following a phylogenetic study. A market also exists for rhino horn dagger handles in Yemen, which was the major source of demand for rhino horn in the 1970s and 1980s. Rhino horns are made of keratin, the same material as hair and fingernails, and there is no good evidence of any health benefits. The contemporary market for rhino horn is overwhelmingly driven by China and Vietnam, where it is bought by wealthy consumers to use in traditional Chinese medicine, among other uses. Rhinoceroses are killed by poachers for their horns, which are bought and sold on the black market for high prices, leading to most living rhinoceros species being considered endangered. ![]() Unlike other perissodactyls, the two African species of rhinoceros lack teeth at the front of their mouths they rely instead on their lips to pluck food. They generally eat leafy material, although their ability to ferment food in their hindgut allows them to subsist on more fibrous plant matter when necessary. They have a herbivorous diet, small brains 400–600 g (14–21 oz) for mammals of their size, one or two horns, and a thick 1.5–5 cm (0.59–1.97 in), protective skin formed from layers of collagen positioned in a lattice structure. Rhinoceroses are some of the largest remaining megafauna: all weigh at least one tonne in adulthood. Two of the extant species are native to Africa, and three to South and Southeast Asia. Finally, we propose Big Data algorithms to perform such estimates and to interpret the fitted model's output.A rhinoceros ( / r aɪ ˈ n ɒ s ər ə s/ from Ancient Greek ῥῑνόκερως ( rhīnókerōs) 'nose-horned' from ῥῑ́ς ( rhī́s) 'nose', and κέρας ( kéras) 'horn' PL: rhinoceros or rhinoceroses), commonly abbreviated to rhino, is a member of any of the five extant species (or numerous extinct species) of odd-toed ungulates in the family Rhinocerotidae (it can also refer to a member of any of the extinct species of the superfamily Rhinocerotoidea). We point out that statistically fitting such models to observations will involve massive numbers of observations on consumer behavior and time-stamped location observations on thousands of animals. Models used to compute risk predictions, however, need to be statistically estimated. This capability can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of proposed conservation strategies at reducing a species' extinction risk. Our model supports the computation of extinction risks at any future time point. ![]() This present scenario and associated dynamics predicts continued decline in rhino population size with accelerated extinction risks of rhinos by 2036. ![]() Present rhino populations are small and threatened by a rising onslaught of poaching. This scenario has no legal horn trade, but allows live African rhino trade and legal hunting. It seeks to predict rhino extinction under the present scenario. Our model uses observed rhino dynamics and poaching statistics. We develop an agent/individual-based economic-ecological model that captures these effects and apply it to the case of South African rhinos. For many species, the dynamics of anthropogenic impacts driven by economic as well as noneconomic values of associated wildlife products along with their ecological stressors can help meaningfully predict extinction risks. Because replacements are not available once a species becomes extinct, insurance products are not available to reduce the risk exposure of these enterprises to an extinction event. Many of these enterprises, however, cannot purchase a supply of this resource and are largely unable to secure the resource against theft in the form of poaching. Such enterprises depend on a supply of endangered species for their revenue. We develop a risk intelligence system for biodiversity enterprises. ![]()
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